The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity, accuracy, and completeness of the scholarly record for all readers. Any changes to articles after online publication are handled carefully and only under specific circumstances. The journal upholds the authority and reliability of published articles and bases its editorial policies on widely recognized best practices in academic publishing.

An Erratum is a formal statement issued by the authors to correct errors or omissions identified in a published article. The notice briefly explains the correction and indicates whether the changes affect the conclusions of the study. The original article remains available online, and the erratum is published separately, freely accessible to readers, and linked to the corrected article.

A Retraction is a notice indicating that an article should no longer be considered part of the scientific literature. Retractions may be issued when there is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, whether due to research misconduct or unintentional error; when the work has been published previously without proper attribution or permission; when plagiarism is identified; or when the research violates ethical standards. To preserve the scholarly record, the original article is not removed but is clearly marked as retracted, with a freely accessible retraction notice linked to it. Retractions may be initiated by the authors or determined by the editors or publisher. Each retraction clearly states the reason for the action and identifies who made the decision. In cases where not all authors agree with the retraction, this is explicitly noted. In rare situations involving legal issues, the publisher may redact or remove the article while retaining its bibliographic information.

A Publisher’s Note is issued to inform readers of corrections made after publication that arise from editorial or production errors. This notice is typically used when such errors affect essential article information, such as the title, author details, or other metadata, or when they significantly impact the reader’s understanding of the article. In these cases, the original article may be replaced with a corrected version. Publisher’s Notes are freely available to all readers. Minor errors that do not affect the article’s integrity or scientific content may be corrected at the publisher’s discretion.

When an article is replaced with a corrected version, the date of correction is clearly indicated. Authors should note that replacement with a corrected version is generally limited to a defined period following publication. For articles published beyond this period, corrections are documented through a Publisher’s Note rather than full replacement.

The following guideline may also be helpful: COPE Guidelines for Retracting Articles.