IMPLIKASI TOKEN EKONOMI TERHADAP PENGUASAAN PELAJARAN
Abstract
Teachers in elementary school (SD) play an important role in giving experiences for students which then may determine their future. The teachers should not give up to deal with the students having problems with task accomplishment in Mathematics unless token economy was applied. This research was then intended to describe the implementation of token economy in accomplishing the students’ task in Mathematics in the fifth grade of SD Negeri 16 Kecamatan Sungayang, Batu Sangkar, West Sumatera. This qualitative research took the strategy of case study involving three students having problems to accomplish their tasks. The data were collected through observation, document review, and interview. The result of this research indicates that the use of token economy could help teachers to deal with the students’ problems. It motivates them to improve the quality of their tasks and to manage time in completing their tasks. Besides, it supports the content mastery service program in tasks accomplishment and other guidance and counseling services. The counselors could collaborate with the subject teachers to develop the students’ behavior and learning quality. This article recommends to the further research concerning the application of token economy in different contexts.References
Barr, J. A. (1961). The Elementary Teacher and Guidance. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Emzir (2011). Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan: Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Gay, L.R., Mills, G E., & Airasian, P. (2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (9th ed.).
New Jersey: Pearson.
Hackenberg, T.D. (2009). “Token Reinforcement: a Review and Analysisâ€. 100 JURNAL ILMIAH KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL
Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 91 (2): 257–286.
Hergenhahn, B.R., & Olson, M.H. (2008).
Theories of Learning (Teori Belajar) (Edisi Ketujuh). Terjemahan oleh Tri Wibowo B.S. 2008. Jakarta: Kencana
Prenada Media Group.
Jamaris, M. (2014). Kesulitan Belajar: Prespektif Asesmen, dan Penanggulangannya bagi Anak Usia Dini dan Usia Sekolah. Jakarta. Ghalia Indonesia.
Johnson, L. (2005). Pengajaran yang Kreatif dan Menarik: Cara Membangkitkan Minat Siswa Melalui Pemikiran. Terjemahan oleh Dani Dharyani. 2009. Jakarta: PT Indeks.
Mayer, R.E. (1987). Educational Psychology: a Cognitive Approach.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
McLaughlin, T.F., & Malaby, J. (1972). “Intrinsic Reinforcers In a Classroom Token Economy: Sponkane School District and Eastern Washington
State Collegeâ€. Jurnal of Applied Behavior Analisis, 5 (3): 263-269.
McLeod, J. (2003). An Introduction to Counseling (Pengantar Konseling: Teori dan Studi Kasus). Terjemahan oleh
A. K. Anwar. 2008. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Nisbet, J., & Watt, J. (1994). Studi Kasus: Sebuah Panduan Praktis. (Disadur oleh L. Wilardjo). Jakarta: PT Gramedia
Widiasarana Indonesia.
Prayitno (1997). Pelayanan Bimbingan dan Konseling (Buku I Seri Pemandu Pelaksanaan Bimbingan dan Konseling di SD). Jakarta: PT. Ikrar Mandiriabadi.
Prayitno (2009). Dasar Teori dan Praksis Pendidikan. Jakarta.
Grasindo Prayitno (2012). Seri Panduan Layanan dan Kegiatan Pendukung Konseling (Jenis Layanan dan Kegiatan Pendukung
Konseling). Padang. PPK Jurusan BK FIP UNP.
Prayitno, Alizamar, Taufik, Syahril, & Prayitno, E. (2002). Seri Latihan Keterampilan Belajar (Program Semi Que IV). Padang: BK FIP UNP.
Santrock, J.W., & Yussen, S.R. (1987). Child Development: An Introduction. Amerika: WM. C. Brown Publishers.
Slameto (2013). Belajar dan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Soewadji, J. (2012). Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.
Sugiyono (2011). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Thornburg, H.D. (1984). Introduction To Education Psychology. New York: West Publishing Company.
Yusuf, A.M. (2007). Metodologi Penelitian: Dasar-dasar Penyelidikan Ilmiah. Padang: UNP Press. Yusuf, M., Legowo, E., Djatun, R., &
Gunarhadi (2012). Pengembangan Model Modifikasi Perilaku melalui ‘Continuous Reinforcement’ dan ‘Partial Reinforcement’
untuk Mengatasi Kebiasaan ‘Buruk’ Anak dalam Belajar. Jassi-AnakKu. Diakses dari http://jasianakku-sampel. blogspot. com/2012/01/pengembangan-modelmodifikasi-perilaku.html/ (28 Februari 2012).
Zlomke, K., & Zlomke, L. (2003). Token Economy Plus Self-Monitoring to Reduce Disruptive Classroom Behaviors. Jurnal The Behavior Analyst Today, 4 (2), pp. 177-181.
